| Resistance (top→down) | R (K/W) |
|---|
Conduction Q=kAΔT/L, convection Q=hAΔT, radiation Q=εσA(T₁⁴−T₂⁴), linearized h_r=4εσT_m³.
R: cond L/kA, conv 1/hA; junction T_j=T_amb+Q·ΣR; TIM BLT/kA+R_c; via array R/N, A_via=(π/4)(D_o²−D_i²).
Fins m=√(hP/kA_c), η=tanh(mL)/mL. TEC Q_c=αIT_c−½I²R−KΔT, COP=Q_c/P. CFM→ṁ =CFM·0.000472·ρ.
Nu=hL/k, Re=ρVL/µ, Pr=µc_p/k, Ra=Gr·Pr, Bi=hL/k_s; Dittus-Boelter Nu=0.023Re^0.8Pr^n; transient τ=R·m·c_p.